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Ahlberg, B M., Njau V W., Kiiru, K & Krantz, I. (2000). Gender masked or self-inflicted pain: Female circumscision, eradication and persistence in central Kenya. African Sociological Review, 4(1), 35-54.

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Anuforo, P. Q., Oyedele, L., & Pacquiao, D. F. (2004, April). Comparative study of meanings, beliefs, and practices of female circumcision amonf three Nigerian tribes in the United States and Nigeria. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 15(2), 103-113.

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Bashir, L. M. (1997, February). Female genital mutilation: Balancing intolerance of the practice with tolerance of culture. Journal of Women's Health: The Officila Publication of the Society for the Advancement of Women's Health Research, 6(1), 11-14.

Bedri, R. (April-May 2002). FC? FGC? FGM?: To those who experience it, the term is insignificant. The suffering is not. Bridges for cross-cultural understanding, 4(3), 5-7.

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Berggren, V., Salam, G. A., Bergstrom, S., Johansson, E., & Edberg, A. (2004). An explorative study of Sudanese midwives' motives, perceptions and experiences of re-infibulation after birth. Midwifery, 20, 299-311.

Berggren, V., Bergstrom, S., & Edberg, A. K. (2006). Being different and vulnerable: Experiences of immigrant African women who have been circumcised and sought maternity care in Sweden. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 17(1), 50-57.

Black, J. A., & Debelle, G. D. (1995). Female genital mutilation in Britain. British Medical Journal, 310, 1590-1592.

Blust, L. C. (1999, January). Chastity of the flesh. Health and societal issues in female circumcision. Advance for Nurse Practitioners, 7(1), 57-58.

Boyle, E. H., McMorris, B. J., & Gomez, M. (2002). Local conformity to international norms: The case of female genital cutting. Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 329-343.

Brady, M. (1999). Female genital mutilation: Complications and risk of HIV transmission. AIDS Patient Care and Stds, 13, 709-716.

Burstyn, L. (1995). Female circumcision comes to America. Atlantic Monthly, 276(4), 28-35.

Calder, B. L., Brown, Y. M., & Rae, D. I. (1993). Female circumcision/genital mutilation: Culturally sensitive care. Health Care for Women International, 14, 227-238.

Caldwell, J. C., Orubuloye, I. O., & Caldwell, P. (2000). Female genital mutilation: Conditions of decline. Population research and Policy Review, 19, 233-254.

Cameron, J., & Rawlings-Anderson, K. (2001). Women's issues. Female circumcision and episiotomy: Both mutilation? British Journal of Midwifery, 9, 137-142.

Campbell, C. C. (2004, July-August). Care of women with female circumcision. Journal of midwifery & women's health, 49(4), 364-365.

Chalmers, B., & Hashi, K. O. (2000, December). 432 Somali women's birth experiences in Canada after earlier female genital mutilation. Birth, 27(4), 227-234.

Chelala, C. (1998). An alternative way to stop female genital mutilation. The Lancet, 352, 126-126.

CIRP: Circumcision Information and Resource Pages. This web site provides information about all aspects of genital surgery known as circumcision.Retrieved October 21, 2004, from www.cirp.org

Cronin, A. M., Anders, B., & Moore, M. J. (1996, April). Latino belief of alleged medical procedure. The Western Journal of Medicine, 164(4), 364-365.

Daley, A. (2004). Caring for women who have undergone genital mutilation. Nursing Times, 100(26), 32-35.

Daley, A. (2004). Female genital mutilation: Consequences for midwifery. British Journal of Midwifery, 12, 292-298.

Davis, G., Ellis, J., Hibbert, M., Perez, R. P., & Zimbelman, E. (1999, January). Female circumcision: The prevalence and nature of the ritual in Eritrea. Military Medicine, 164(1), 11-16.

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Dirie, M. A., & Lindmark, G. (1991). Female circumcision in Somalia and women's motives. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 70, 581-585.

Dirie, M. A., & Lindmark, G. (1992, September). The risk of medical complications after female circumcision. East African Medical Journal, 69(9), 479-482.

Donovan, P. (2005). Research unwrapped. Female genital mutilation. Practising Midwife, 8(6), 38-40.

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El Dawla, A. S. (1999). The political and legal struggle over female genital mutilation in Egypt: Five years since the ICPD. Reproductive Health Matters, 7, 128-136.

El-Defrawi, M. H., Lotfy, G., Dandash, K. F., Rafaat, A. H., & Eyada, M. (2001). Female genital mutilation and its psychosexual impact. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 27, 465-473.

El-Gibaly, O., Ibrahim, B., Mensch, B. S., & Clark, W. H. (2002, January). The decline of female circumcision in Egypt: Evidence and interpretation. Social Science & Medicine, 54(2), 205-220.

El-Tom, A. O. (1998). Female circumcision and ethnic identification in Sudan with special reference to the Berti of Darfur1. GeoJournal, 46(2), 163-170.

Elwood, A. (2005). Female genital cutting, 'circumcision' and mutilation: Physical, psychological and cultural perspectives. Contemporary Sexuality, 39(1), i.

Eyega, Z., & Conneely, E. (1997, Fall). Facts and fiction regarding female circumcision/female genital mutilation: A pilot study in New York City. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 52(4), 174-178, 187.

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Fourcroy, J. L. (1998, July). The three feminine sorrows. Hospital Practice, 33(7), 15-16, 21.

Fox, E. (1998, March). Female genital mutilation protocol for clinical staff. Womens Health Newsletter, (36), 6.

Gage, A. J., & Van Rossem, R. (January 2006). Attitudes toward the discontinuation of female genital cutting among men and women in Guinea. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 92(1), 92-96.

Gelfand, D. E., Balcazar, H., Parzuchowski, J., & Lenox, S. (2004). Issues in hospice utilization by Mexicans. The Journal of Applied Gerontology, 23(1), 3-19.

Gibeau, A. M. (1998, January-February). Female genital mutilation: When a cultural practice generates clinical and ethical dilemmas. Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 27(1), 85-91.

Gordon, D. (1991). Female circumcision and genital operations in Egypt and Sudan: A dilemma for medical anthropology. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 5, 3-14.

Grassivaro-Gallo, P., & Viviani, F. (1992). The origin of infibulation in Somalia: An ethological hypothesis. Ethology and Sociobiology, 13, 253-265.

Gruenbaum, E. (1996, December). The cultural debate over female circumcision: The Sudanese are arguing this one out for themselves. Medical Anthropological Quarterly, 10(4), 455-475.

Gruenbaum, E. (2005). Socio-cultural dynamics of female genital cutting: Research findings, gaps, and directions. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 7(5), 429-441.

Guiné, A. & Fuentes, F. J. M. (2007). Engendering redistribution, recognition, and representation: the case of female genital mutilation (FGM) in the United Kingdom and France. Politics & Society, 35(3), 477-519.

Han, E. L. (2001). Legal and non-legal responses to concerns for women's rights in countries practicing female circumcision. In Debating women's equality (pp. 201-223). New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Hayford, S. R. (June 2005). Conformity and change: Community effects on female genital cutting in Kenya. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46(2), 121-140.

Heatherly, J. (2000, March). Transcultural nursing and female circumcision. Canadian Operating Room Nursing Journal, 18(1), 7-12.

Hicks, E. K. (1996). Infibulation: Female Mutilation in Islamic Northeastern America. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

Horowitz, C. R., & Jackson, J. C. (1997, August). Female "circumcision": African women confront American medicine. Journal of General Internal Medicine: Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Prmiary Care Internal Medicine, 12(8), 491-499.

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Jackson, E. F., Akweongo, P., Sakeah, E., Hodgson, A., Asuru, R., & Phillips, J. F. (2003). Inconsistent reporting of female genital cutting status in Northern Ghana: Explanatory factors and analytical consequences. Studies in Family Planning, 34, 200-210.

James, S. M., & Robertson, C. C. (2004, February). Sorting out misunderstandings: Genital cutting and transnational sisterhood. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33(1), 2-3.

Johansen, R. E. B. (2006). Care for infibulated women giving birth in Norway: an anthropological analysis of health workers' management of a medically and culturall unfamiliar issue. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 20(4), 516-544.

Johansen, R. E. (2002, September). Pain as a counterpoint to culture: Toward an analysis of pain associated with infibulation among Somali immigrants in Norway. Medical Anthropoloy Quarterly, 16(3), 312-340.

Johnsdotter, S. (2003). Somali women in western exile: Reassessing female circumcision in the light of Islamic teachings. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 23 (2), 361-373.

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